JAR-OPS 1.988. Applicability. (See IEM OPS 1.988)
An operator shall ensure that all crew members, other than flight crew members, assigned by the operator to duties in the passenger compartment of an aeroplane comply with the requirements of this Subpart except for additional crew members solely assigned to specialist duties.

JAR-OPS 1.990. Number and composition of Cabin Crew. (See IEM OPS 1.990)
(a) An operator shall not operate an aeroplane with a maximum approved passenger seating configuration of more than 19, when carrying one or more passengers, unless at least one cabin crew member is included in the crew for the purpose of performing duties, specified in the Operations Manual, in the interests of the safety of passengers.

(b) When complying with sub-paragraph (a) above, an operator shall ensure that the minimum number of cabin crew is the greater of:
(1) One cabin crew member for every 50, or fraction of 50, passenger seats installed on the same deck of the aeroplane; or
(2) The number of cabin crew who actively participated in the aeroplane cabin during the relevant emergency evacuation demonstration, or who were assumed to have taken part in the relevant analysis, except that, if the maximum approved passenger seating configuration is less than the number evacuated during the demonstration by at least 50 seats, the number of cabin crew may be reduced by 1 for every whole multiple of 50 seats by which the maximum approved passenger seating configuration falls below the certificated maximum capacity.

(c) The Authority may under exceptional circumstances require an operator to include in the crew additional cabin crew members.

(d) In unforeseen circumstances the required minimum number of cabin crew may be reduced provided that:
(1) The number of passengers has been reduced in accordance with procedures specified in the Operations Manual; and
(2) A report is submitted to the Authority after completion of the flight.

JAR-OPS 1.995. Minimum requirements.
(a) An operator shall ensure that each cabin crew member:
(1) Is at least 18 years of age;
(2) Has passed an initial medical examination or assessment and is found medically fit to discharge the duties specified in the Operations Manual (see AMC OPS 1.995(a)(2)); and
(3) Remains medically fit to discharge the duties specified in the Operations Manual.

(b) An operator shall ensure that each cabin crew member is competent to perform his duties in accordance with procedures specified in the Operations Manual.

JAR-OPS 1.1000. Senior cabin crew members.
(a) An operator shall nominate a senior cabin crew member whenever more than one cabin crew member is assigned.

(b) The senior cabin crew member shall have responsibility to the commander for the conduct and co-ordination of cabin safety and emergency procedure(s) specified in the Operations Manual.

(c) Where required by JAR - OPS 1.990 to carry more than one cabin crew member, an operator shall not appoint a person to the post of senior cabin crew member unless that person has at least one year's experience as an operating cabin crew member and has completed an appropriate course. (See IEMOPS 1.1000 (c).)

(d) An operator shall establish procedures to select the next most suitably qualified cabin crew member to operate as senior cabin crew member in the event of the nominated senior cabin crew member becoming unable to operate. Such procedures must be acceptable to the Authority and take account of a cabin crew member's operational experience.

JAR-OPS 1.1005. Initial training. (See Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1005)
(See AMC to Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1005 and Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1015)
(See IEM OPS 1.1005/1.1010/1.1015/1.1020)
An operator shall ensure that each cabin crew member successfully completes initial training, approved by the Authority, in accordance with Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1005, and the checking prescribed in JAR-OPS 1.1025 before undertaking conversion training.

JAR-OPS 1.1010. Conversion and differences training. (See Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1010)
(See IEM OPS 1.1005/1.1010/1.1015/1.1020)
(a) An operator shall ensure that each cabin crew member has completed appropriate training, as specified in the Operations Manual, before undertaking assigned duties as follows:
(1) Conversion training; A conversion course must be completed before being:
(i) First assigned by the operator to operate as a cabin crew member; or
(ii) Assigned to operate another aeroplane type; and
(2) Differences training. Differences training must be completed before operating:
(i) On a variant of an aeroplane type currently operated; or
(ii) With different equipment, equipment location, or safety procedures on currently operated aeroplane types or variants.

(b) An operator shall determine the content of the conversion or differences training taking account of the cabin crew member's previous training as recorded in the cabin crew member's training records required by JAR-OPS 1.1035.

(c) An operator shall ensure that:
(1) Conversion training is conducted in a structured and realistic manner, in accordance with Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1010;
(2) Differences training is conducted in a structured manner; and
(3) Conversion training, and if necessary differences training, includes the use of all emergency and survival equipment and all emergency procedures applicable to the type or variant of aeroplane and involves training and practice on either a representative training device or on the actual aeroplane.

JAR-OPS 1.1012. Familiarisation flights.
An operator shall ensure that, following completion of conversion training, each cabin crew member undertakes familiarisation flights prior to operating as one of the minimum number of cabin crew required by JAR-OPS 1.990(b).

JAR-OPS 1.1015. Recurrent training. (See Appendix 1 to JAR - OPS 1.1015)
(See IEM OPS 1.1015) (See IEM OPS 1.1005/1.1010/1.1015/1.1020)
(a) An operator shall ensure that each cabin crew member undergoes recurrent training, covering the actions assigned to each crew member in evacuation and other appropriate normal and emergency procedures and drills relevant to the type(s) and/or variant(s) of aeroplane on which they operate in accordance with Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1015.
(b) An operator shall ensure that the recurrent training and checking programme approved by the Authority includes theoretical and practical instruction, together with individual practice, as prescribed in Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1015.
(c) The period of validity of recurrent training and the associated checking required by JAR - OPS 1.1025 shall be 12 calendar months in addition to the remainder of the month of issue. If issued within the final 3 calendar months of validity of a previous check, the period of validity shall extend from the date of issue until 12 calendar months from the expiry date of that previous check.

JAR-OPS 1.1020. Refresher Training. (See Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1020)
(See AMC OPS 1.1020) (See IEM OPS 1.1005/1.1010/1.1015/1.1020)
(a) An operator shall ensure that each cabin crew member who has been absent from all flying duties for more than 6 months completes refresher training specified in the Operations Manual as prescribed in Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1020.

(b) An operator shall ensure that when a cabin crew member has not been absent from all flying duties, but has not, during the preceding 6 months, undertaken duties on a type of aeroplane as a cabin crew member required by JAR-OPS 1.990 (b), before undertaking such duties on that type, the cabin crew member either:

(1) Completes refresher training on the type; or
(2) Operates two re-familiarisation sectors during commercial operations on the type.

JAR-OPS 1.1025. Checking. (See AMC OPS 1.1025)
(a) An operator shall ensure that during or following completion of the training required by JAR-OPS 1.1005, 1.1010 and 1.1015, each cabin crew member undergoes a check covering the training received in order to verify his proficiency in carrying out safety and emergency duties. These checks must be performed by personnel acceptable to the Authority.

(b) An operator shall ensure that each cabin crew member undergoes checks as follows:
(1) Initial training. The items listed in Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1005;
(2) Conversion and Differences training. The items listed in Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1010; and
(3) Recurrent training. The items listed in Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1015 as appropriate.

JAR-OPS 1.1030. Operation on more than one type or variant.
(a) An operator shall ensure that each cabin crew member does not operate on more than three aeroplane types except that, with the approval of the Authority, the cabin crew member may operate on four aeroplane types, provided that safety equipment and emergency procedures for at least two of the types are similar.

(b) For the purposes of sub-paragraph (a) above, variants of an aeroplane type are considered to be different types if they are not similar in all the following aspects:
(1) Emergency exit operation;
(2) Location and type of safety equipment; and
(3) Emergency procedures.

JAR-OPS 1.1035. Training records. (See IEM OPS 1.1035)
(a) An operator shall:
(1) Maintain records of all training and checking required by JAR - OPS 1.1005, 1.1010, 1.1015, 1.1020 and 1.1025; and
(2) Make the records of all initial, conversion and recurrent training and checking available, on request, to the cabin crew member concerned.

Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1005. Initial training.
See AMC to Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1005 and Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1015
See IEM to Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1005/1.1015
See IEM to Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1005/1.1015/1.1020
See IEM to Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1005/1.1010/1.1015/1.1020
(a) An operator shall ensure that all elements of initial training are conducted by suitably qualified persons.

(b) Fire and Smoke Training. An operator shall ensure that fire and smoke training includes:
(1) Emphasis on the responsibility of cabin crew to deal promptly with emergencies involving fire and smoke and, in particular, emphasis on the importance of identifying the actual source of the fire;
(2) The importance of informing the flight crew immediately, as well as the specific actions necessary for co-ordination and assistance, when fire or smoke is discovered;
(3) The necessity for frequent checking of potential fire-risk areas including toilets, and the associated smoke detectors;
(4) The classification of fires and the appropriate type of extinguishing agents and procedures for particular fire situations, the techniques of application of extinguishing agents, the consequences of misapplication, and of use in a confined space; and
(5) The general procedures of ground-based emergency services at aerodromes.

(c) Water Survival Training. An operator shall ensure that water survival training includes the actual donning and use of personal flotation equipment in water by each cabin crew member. Before first operating on an aeroplane fitted with life-rafts or other similar equipment, training must be given on the use of this equipment, as well as actual practice in water.

(d) Survival Training. An operator shall ensure that survival training is appropriate to the areas of operation, (e.g. polar, desert, jungle or sea).

(e) Medical aspects and First Aid. An operator shall ensure that medical and first aid training includes:
(1) Instruction on first aid and the use of first-aid kits;
(2) First aid associated with survival training and appropriate hygiene; and
(3) The physiological effects of flying and with particular emphasis on hypoxia.

(f) Passenger handling. An operator shall ensure that training for passenger handling includes the following:
(1) Advice on the recognition and management of passengers who are, or become, intoxicated with alcohol or are under the influence of drugs or are aggressive;
(2) Methods used to motivate passengers and the crowd control necessary to expedite an aeroplane evacuation;
(3) Regulations covering the safe stowage of cabin baggage (including cabin service items) and the risk of it becoming a hazard to occupants of the cabin or otherwise obstructing or damaging emergency equipment or aeroplane exits;
(4) The importance of correct seat allocation with reference to aeroplane mass and balance. Particular emphasis shall also be given on the seating of disabled passengers, and the necessity of seating able-bodied passengers adjacent to unsupervised exits;
(5) Duties to be undertaken in the event of encountering turbulence including securing the cabin;

(6) Precautions to be taken when live animals are carried in the cabin;
(7) Dangerous Goods training as prescribed in Subpart R; and
(8) Security procedures, including the provisions of Subpart S.

(g) Communication. An operator shall ensure that, during training, emphasis is placed on the importance of effective communication between cabin crew and flight crew including technique, common language and terminology.

(h) Discipline and responsibilities. An operator shall ensure that each cabin crew member receives training on:
(1) The importance of cabin crew performing their duties in accordance with the Operations Manual;
(2) Continuing competence and fitness to operate as a cabin crew member with special regard to flight and duty time limitations and rest requirements;
(3) An awareness of the aviation regulations relating to cabin crew and the role of the Authority;
(4) General knowledge of relevant aviation terminology, theory of flight, passenger distribution, meteorology and areas of operation;
(5) Pre-flight briefing of the cabin crew and the provision of necessary safety information with regard to their specific duties;
(6) The importance of ensuring that relevant documents and manuals are kept up-to-date with amendments provided by the operator;
(7) The importance of identifying when cabin crew members have the authority and responsibility to initiate an evacuation and other emergency procedures; and
(8) The importance of safety duties and responsibilities and the need to respond promptly and effectively to emergency situations.
(i) Crew Resource Management.
(j) An operator shall ensure that appropriate JAR - OPS requirements are included in the training of cabin crew members.

Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1010. Conversion and Differences training.
See IEM to Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1010/1.1015
See IEM to Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1005/1.1010/1.1015/1.1020
(a) General. An operator shall ensure that:
(1) Conversion and differences training is conducted by suitably qualified persons; and
(2) During conversion and differences training, training is given on the location, removal and use of all emergency and survival equipment carried on the aeroplane, as well as all emergency procedures and emergency training related to the aeroplane type, variant and configuration to be operated.

(b) Fire and smoke training. An operator shall ensure that either:
(1) Each cabin crew member is given realistic and practical training in the use of all fire fighting equipment including protective clothing representative of that carried in the aeroplane. This training must include:
(i) Each cabin crew member extinguishing a fire characteristic of an aeroplane interior fire except that, in the case of Halon extinguishers, an alternative extinguishing agent may be used; and
(ii) The donning and use of protective breathing equipment by each cabin crew member in an enclosed, simulated smoke-filled environment; or
(2) Each cabin crew member fulfils the recurrent training requirements of Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1015(b) and (c).

(c) Operation of doors and exits. An operator shall ensure that:
(1) Each cabin crew member operates and actually opens all normal and emergency exits for passenger evacuation in an aeroplane or representative training device; and
(2) The operation of all other exits is demonstrated.

(d) Evacuation slide training. An operator shall ensure that:
(1) Each cabin crew member descends an evacuation slide from a height representative of the aeroplane main deck sill height;
(2) The slide is fitted to an aeroplane or a representative training device; and
(3) A further descent is made when the cabin crew member qualifies on an aeroplane type in which the main deck exit sill height differs significantly from any aeroplane type previously operated.

(e) Evacuation procedures and emergency situations. An operator shall ensure that:
(1) Emergency evacuation training includes the recognition of planned or unplanned evacuations on land or water. This training must include recognition of when exits are unusable or when evacuation equipment is unserviceable; and
(2) Each cabin crew member is trained to deal with the following:
(i) An in-flight fire, with particular emphasis on identifying the actual source of the fire;
(ii) Severe air turbulence;
(iii) Sudden decompression, including the donning of portable oxygen equipment by each cabin crew member; and
(iv) Other in-flight emergencies. (See IEM to Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1010/1.1015).)

(f) Crowd control. An operator shall ensure that training is provided on the practical aspects of crowd control in various emergency situations, as applicable to the aeroplane type.

(g) Pilot incapacitation. An operator shall ensure that, unless the minimum flight crew is more than two, each cabin crew member is trained to assist if a pilot becomes incapacitated. This training shall include a demonstration of:
(1) The pilot's seat mechanism;

(2) Fastening and unfastening the pilot's seat harness;

(3) Use of the pilot's oxygen equipment; and
(4) Use of pilots' checklists.

(h) Safety equipment. An operator shall ensure that each cabin crew member is given realistic training on, and demonstration of, the location and use of safety equipment including the following:
(1) Slides, and where non self-supporting slides are carried, the use of any associated ropes;
(2) Life-rafts and slide-rafts, including the equipment attached to, and/or carried in, the raft;
(3) Lifejackets, infant lifejackets and flotation cots;
(4) Dropout oxygen system;
(5) First-aid oxygen;
(6) Fire extinguishers;
(7) Fire axe or crow-bar;
(8) Emergency lights including torches;
(9) Communications equipment, including megaphones;
(10) Survival packs, including their contents;
(11) Pyrotechnics (Actual or representative devices);
(12) First-aid kits, their contents and emergency medical equipment; and
(13) Other cabin safety equipment or systems where applicable.
(i) Passenger Briefing/Safety Demonstrations. An operator shall ensure that training is given in the preparation of passengers for normal and emergency situations in accordance with JAR-OPS 1.285.
(j) An operator shall ensure that all appropriate JAR-OPS requirements are included in the training of cabin crew members.

Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1015. Recurrent training.
See AMC to Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1005 and Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1015
See IEM to Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1005/1.1015
See IEM to Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1010/1.1015
See IEM to Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1005/1.1015/1.1020
See IEM to Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1005/1.1010/1.1015/1.1020
(a) An operator shall ensure that recurrent training is conducted by suitably qualified persons.

(b) An operator shall ensure that every year the programme of practical training includes the following:
(1) Emergency procedures including pilot incapacitation;
(2) Evacuation procedures including crowd control techniques;
(3) Touch-drills by each cabin crew member for opening normal and emergency exits for passenger evacuation;
(4) The location and handling of emergency equipment, including oxygen systems, and the donning by each cabin crew member of lifejackets, portable oxygen and protective breathing equipment (PBE);
(5) First aid and the contents of the first-aid kit(s);
(6) Stowage of articles in the cabin;
(7) Dangerous goods procedures as prescribed in Subpart R;
(8) Security procedures;
(9) Incident and accident review; and
(10) Crew Resource Management.

(c) An operator shall ensure that, every 3 years, recurrent training also includes:
(1) The operation and actual opening of all normal and emergency exits for passenger evacuation in an aeroplane or representative training device;
(2) Demonstration of the operation of all other exits;
(3) Each cabin crew member being given realistic and practical training in the use of all fire-fighting equipment, including protective clothing, representative of that carried in the aeroplane. This training must include:
(i) Each cabin crew member extinguishing a fire characteristic of an aeroplane interior fire except that, in the case of Halon extinguishers, an alternative extinguishing agent may be used; and
(ii) The donning and use of protective breathing equipment by each cabin crew member in an enclosed, simulated smoke-filled environment.
(4) Use of pyrotechnics (Actual or representative devices); and
(5) Demonstration of the use of the life-raft, or slide-raft, where fitted.

(d) An operator shall ensure that all appropriate JAR - OPS requirements are included in the training of cabin crew members.

Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1020. Refresher training
See IEM to Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1005/1.1015/1.1020
See IEM to Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1005/1.1010/1.1015/1.1020
(a) An operator shall ensure that refresher training is conducted by suitable qualified persons and, for each cabin crew member, includes at least the following:
(1) Emergency procedures including pilot incapacitation;
(2) Evacuation procedures including crowd control techniques;
(3) The operation and actual opening of all normal and emergency exits for passenger evacuation in an aeroplane or representative training device;
(4) Demonstration of the operation of all other exits; and
(5) The location and handling of emergency equipment, including oxygen systems, and the donning of lifejackets, portable oxygen and protective breathing equipment.

JAR-OPS 1.1040. General Rules for Operations Manuals.
(a) An operator shall ensure that the Operations Manual contains all instructions and information necessary for operations personnel to perform their duties.

(b) An operator shall ensure that the contents of the Operations Manual, including all amendments or revisions, do not contravene the conditions contained in the Air Operator Certificate (AOC) or any applicable regulations and must be acceptable to, or, where applicable, approved by, the Authority.

(c) An operator must prepare the Operations Manual in the English language. In addition, an operator may translate and use that manual, or parts thereof, into another language. However, taking account of the area of operations, operators of aeroplanes with a maximum approved passenger seating configuration of 19 or less and/or with a maximum take-off mass of less than 10 000 kg may be approved by the Authority to prepare and use the respective Operations Manual, or parts thereof, in another language.

(d) Should it become necessary for an operator to produce new Operations Manuals or major parts/volumes thereof, he must comply with sub-paragraph (c) above. In all other cases, an operator must comply with sub-paragraph (c) above as soon as possible and in no case later than 1 December 2000.

(e) An operator may issue an Operations Manual in separate volumes.

(f) An operator shall ensure that all operations personnel have easy access to a copy of each part of the Operations Manual which is relevant to their duties. In addition, the operator shall supply:
(1) Flight crew members with a personal copy of Parts A and B of the Operations Manual; and
(2) Other crew members with a personal copy of extracts from Parts A and B of the Operations Manual as are relevant to their duties.

(g) An operator shall ensure that the Operations Manual is amended or revised so that the instructions and information contained therein are kept up to date. The operator shall ensure that all operations personnel are made aware of such changes that are relevant to their duties.

(h) Each holder of an Operations Manual, or appropriate parts of it, shall keep it up to date with the amendments or revisions supplied by the operator.

(i) An operator shall supply the Authority with intended amendments and revisions in advance of the effective date. When the amendment concerns any part of the Operations Manual which must be approved in accordance with JAR-OPS, this approval shall be obtained before the amendment becomes effective. When immediate amendments or revisions are required in the interest of safety, they may be published and applied immediately, provided that any approval required has been applied for.

(j) An operator shall incorporate all amendments and revisions required by the Authority.

(k) An operator must ensure that information taken from approved documents, and any amendment of such approved documentation, is correctly reflected in the Operations Manual and that the Operations Manual contains no information contrary to any approved documentation. However, this requirement does not prevent an operator from using more conservative data and procedures.

(l) An operator must ensure that the contents of the Operations Manual are presented in a form in which they can be used without difficulty.

(m) An operator may be permitted by the Authority to present the Operations Manual or parts thereof in a form other than on printed paper. In such cases, an acceptable level of accessibility, usability and reliability must be assured.

(n) The use of an abridged form of the Operations Manual does not exempt the operator from the requirements of JAR-OPS 1.130.

JAR-OPS 1.1045. Operations Manual-structure and contents. (See Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1045)
(See AMC OPS 1.1045)
(a) An operator shall ensure that the main structure of the Operations Manual is as follows:

Part A. General/Basic
This part shall comprise all non type-related operational policies, instructions and procedures needed for a safe operation and shall comply with all relevant regulations.

Part B. Aeroplane Operating Matters
This part shall comprise all type-related instructions and procedures needed for a safe operation. It shall take account of the different types of aeroplanes or variants used by the operator.

Part C. Route and Aerodrome Instructions and Information
This part shall comprise all instructions and information needed for the area of operation.

Part D. Training
This part shall comprise all training instructions for personnel required for a safe operation.

(b) An operator shall ensure that the contents of the Operations Manual are in accordance with Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1045 and relevant to the area(s) and type(s) of operation.

(c) An operator shall ensure that, the detailed structure of the Operations Manual is acceptable to the Authority. (See IEM OPS 1.1045(c).)

JAR-OPS 1.1050. Aeroplane Flight Manual.
An operator shall keep a current approved Aeroplane Flight Manual or equivalent document for each aeroplane that it operates.

JAR-OPS 1.1055. Journey log.
(a) An operator shall retain the following information for each flight in the form of a Journey Log:
(1) Aeroplane registration;
(2) Date;
(3) Name(s) of crew member(s);
(4) Duty assignment of crew member(s);
(5) Place of departure;
(6) Place of arrival;
(7) Time of departure (off-block time);
(8) Time of arrival (on-block time);
(9) Hours of flight;

(10) Nature of flight;
(11) Incidents, observations (if any); and
(12) Commander's signature (or equivalent). (See IEM OPS 1.1055 (a)(12).)

(b) An operator may be permitted not to keep an aeroplane journey log, or parts thereof, by the Authority if the relevant information is available in other documentation. (See IEM OPS 1.1055(b).)

(c) An operator shall ensure that all entries are made concurrently and that they are permanent in nature.

JAR-OPS 1.1060. Operational flight plan.

(a) An operator must ensure that the operational flight plan used and the entries made during flight contain the following items:
(1) Aeroplane registration;
(2) Aeroplane type and variant;
(3) Date of flight;
(4) Flight identification;
(5) Names of flight crew members;
(6) Duty assignment of flight crew members;
(7) Place of departure;
(8) Time of departure (actual off-block time, take-off time);
(9) Place of arrival (planned and actual);
(10) Time of arrival (actual landing and on-block time);
(11) Type of operation (ETOPS, VFR, Ferry flight, etc.)
(12) Route and route segments with checkpoints/waypoints, distances, time and tracks;
(13) Planned cruising speed and flying times between check-points/waypoints. Estimated and actual times overhead;
(14) Safe altitudes and minimum levels;
(15) Planned altitudes and flight levels;
(16) Fuel calculations (records of in-flight fuel checks);
(17) Fuel on board when starting engines;
(18) Alternate(s) for destination and, where applicable, take-off and en-route, including information required in sub-paragraphs (12), (13), (14), and (15) above;
(19) Initial ATS Flight Plan clearance and subsequent re-clearance;
(20) In-flight re-planning calculations; and
(21) Relevant meteorological information.

(b) Items which are readily available in other documentation or from an acceptable source or are irrelevant to the type of operation may be omitted from the operational flight plan.

(c) An operator must ensure that the operational flight plan and its use is described in the Operations Manual.

(d) An operator shall ensure that all entries on the operational flight plan are made concurrently and that they are permanent in nature.

JAR-OPS 1.1065. Document storage periods.
An operator shall ensure that all records and all relevant operational and technical information for each individual flight, are stored for the periods prescribed in Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1065.

JAR-OPS 1.1070. Operator's maintenance management exposition.
An operator shall keep a current approved maintenance management exposition as prescribed in JAR-OPS 1.905.

JAR-OPS 1.1071. Aeroplane Technical Log.
An operator shall keep an aeroplane technical log as prescribed in JAR-OPS 1.915.

Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1045. Operations Manual Contents.
(See IEM to Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1045)
An operator shall ensure that the Operations Manual contains the following:
A. GENERAL/BASIC
0 ADMINISTRATION AND CONTROL OF OPERATIONS MANUAL
0.1 Introduction
(a) A statement that the manual complies with all applicable regulations and with the terms and conditions of the applicable Air Operator Certificate.

(b) A statement that the manual contains operational instructions that are to be complied with by the relevant personnel.

(c) A list and brief description of the various parts, their contents, applicability and use.

(d) Explanations and definitions of terms and words needed for the use of the manual.

0.2 System of amendment and revision
(a) Who is responsible for the issuance and insertion of amendments and revisions.
(b) A record of amendments and revisions with insertion dates and effective dates.

(c) A statement that handwritten amendments and revisions are not permitted except in situations requiring immediate amendment or revision in the interest of safety.

(d) A description of the system for the annotation of pages and their effective dates.

(e) A list of effective pages.

(f) Annotation of changes (on text pages and, as far as practicable, on charts and diagrams).

(g) Temporary revisions.

(h) A description of the distribution system for the manuals, amendments and revisions.

1 ORGANISATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES
1.1 Organisational structure. A description of the organisational structure including the general company organigram and operations department organigram. The organigram must depict the relationship between the Operations Department and the other Departments of the company. In particular, the subordination and reporting lines of all Divisions, Departments etc, which pertain to the safety of flight operations, must be shown.
1.2 Nominated postholders. The name of each nominated postholder responsible for flight operations, the maintenance system, crew training and ground operations, as prescribed in JAR-OPS 1 Subpart C. A description of their function and responsibilities must be included.
1.3 Responsibilities and duties of operations management personnel. A description of the duties, responsibilities and authority of operations management personnel pertaining to the safety of flight operations and the compliance with the applicable regulations.

1.4 Authority, duties and responsibilities of the commander. A statement defining the authority, duties and responsibilities of the commander.
1.5. Duties and responsibilities of crew members other than the commander.

2 OPERATIONAL CONTROL AND SUPERVISION
2.1 Supervision of the operation by the operator. A description of the system for supervision of the operation by the operator (see JAR - OPS 1.175(g)). This must show how the safety of flight operations and the qualifications of personnel are supervised. In particular, the procedures related to the following items must be described:

(a) Licence and qualification validity;
(b) Competence of operations personnel; and
(c) Control, analysis and storage of records, flight documents, additional information and data.

2.2 System of promulgation of additional operational instructions and information. A description of any system for promulgating information which may be of an operational nature but is supplementary to that in the Operations Manual. The applicability of this information and the responsibilities for its promulgation must be included.

2.3 Accident prevention and flight safety programme. A description of the main aspects of the flight safety programme including:
(a) Programmes to achieve and maintain risk-awareness by all persons involved in flight operations; and

(b) Evaluation of accidents and incidents and the promulgation of related information.

2.4 Operational control. A description of the procedures and responsibilities necessary to exercise operational control with respect to flight safety.

3 QUALITY SYSTEM
A description of the quality system adopted.

4 CREW COMPOSITION
4.1 Crew Composition. An explanation of the method for determining crew compositions taking account of the following:
(a) The type of aeroplane being used;
(b) The area and type of operation being undertaken;
(c) The phase of the flight;
(d) The minimum crew requirement and flight duty period planned;
(e) Experience (total and on type), recency and qualification of the crew members; and
(f) The designation of the commander and, if necessitated by the duration of the flight, the procedures for the relief of the commander or other members of the flight crew.

4.2 Designation of the commander. The rules applicable to the designation of the commander. (See Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.940.)

4.3 Flight crew incapacitation. Instructions on the succession of command in the event of flight crew incapacitation.

5 QUALIFICATION REQUIREMENTS
5.1 A description of the required licence, rating(s), qualification/competency (e.g. for routes and aerodromes), experience, training, checking and recency for operations personnel to conduct their duties. Consideration must be given to the aeroplane type, kind of operation and composition of the crew.

5.2 Flight crew
(a) Commander.
(b) Pilot-in-command.
(c) Co-pilot.
(d) Pilot under supervision.
(e) System panel operator.
(f) Operation on more than one type or variant.

5.3 Cabin crew.
(a) Senior cabin crew member.
(b) Cabin crew member.
(i) Required cabin crew member.
(ii) Additional cabin crew member and cabin crew member during familiarisation flights.
(c) Operation on more than one type or variant.

5.4 Training, checking and supervision personnel.
(a) For flight crew.
(b) For cabin crew.

5.5 Other operations personnel

6 CREW HEALTH PRECAUTIONS
6.1 Crew health precautions. The relevant regulations and guidance to crew members concerning health including:
(a) Alcohol and other intoxicating liquor;
(b) Narcotics;
(c) Drugs;
(d) Sleeping tablets;
(e) Pharmaceutical preparations;
(f) Immunisation;
(g) Deep diving;
(h) Blood donation;
(i) Meal precautions prior to and during flight;
(j) Sleep and rest; and
(k) Surgical operations.

7 FLIGHT TIME LIMITATIONS
7.1 Flight and Duty Time Limitations and Rest Requirements. A description of the flight and duty time limitations and rest requirements prescribed in Subpart Q as applicable to the operation.

7.2 Exceedances of flight and duty time limitations and/or reductions of rest periods. Conditions under which flight and duty time may be exceeded or rest periods may be reduced and the procedures used to report these modifications.

8 OPERATING PROCEDURES
8.1 Flight Preparation Instructions. As applicable to the operation:

8.1.1 Minimum Flight Altitudes. A description of the method of determination and application of minimum altitudes including:
(a) A procedure to establish the minimum altitudes/flight levels for VFR flights; and
(b) A procedure to establish the minimum altitudes/flight levels for IFR flights.

8.1.2 Criteria for determining the usability of aerodromes

8.1.3 Methods for the determination of aerodrome operating minima. The method for establishing aerodrome operating minima for IFR flights in accordance with JAR - OPS 1 Subpart E. Reference must be made to procedures for the determination of the visibility and/or runway visual range and for the applicability of the actual visibility observed by the pilots, the reported visibility and the reported runway visual range.

8.1.4 En-route Operating Minima for VFR Flights or VFR portions of a flight and, where single engined aeroplanes are used, instructions for route selection with respect to the availability of surfaces which permit a safe forced landing.

8.1.5 Presentation and Application of Aerodrome and En-route Operating Minima

8.1.6 Interpretation of meteorological information. Explanatory material on the decoding of MET forecasts and MET reports relevant to the area of operations, including the interpretation of conditional expressions.

8.1.7 Determination of the quantities of fuel, oil and water methanol carried. The methods by which the quantities of fuel, oil and water methanol to be carried are determined and monitored in flight. This section must also include instructions on the measurement and distribution of the fluid carried on board. Such instructions must take account of all circumstances likely to be encountered on the flight, including the possibility of in-flight replanning and of failure of one or more of the aeroplane's power plants. The system for maintaining fuel and oil records must also be described.

8.1.8 Mass and Centre of Gravity. The general principles of mass and centre of gravity including:
(a) Definitions;
(b) Methods, procedures and responsibilities for preparation and acceptance of mass and centre of gravity calculations;
(c) The policy for using either standard and/or actual masses;
(d) The method for determining the applicable passenger, baggage and cargo mass;
(e) The applicable passenger and baggage masses for various types of operations and aeroplane type;
(f) General instruction and information necessary for verification of the various types of mass and balance documentation in use;
(g) Last Minute Changes procedures;
(h) Specific gravity of fuel, oil and water methanol; and
(i) Seating policy/procedures.

8.1.9 ATS Flight Plan. Procedures and responsibilities for the preparation and submission of the air traffic services flight plan. Factors to be considered include the means of submission for both individual and repetitive flight plans.

8.1.10 Operational Flight Plan. Procedures and responsibilities for the preparation and acceptance of the operational flight plan. The use of the operational flight plan must be described including samples of the operational flight plan formats in use.

8.1.11 Operator's Aeroplane Technical Log. The responsibilities and the use of the operator's Aeroplane Technical Log must be described, including samples of the format used.

8.1.12 List of documents, forms and additional information to be carried.

8.2 Ground Handling Instructions

8.2.1 Fuelling procedures. A description of fuelling procedures, including:
(a) Safety precautions during refuelling and defuelling including when an APU is in operation or when a turbine engine is running and the prop-brakes are on;
(b) Refuelling and defuelling when passengers are embarking, on board or disembarking; and
(c) Precautions to be taken to avoid mixing fuels.

8.2.2 Aeroplane, passengers and cargo handling procedures related to safety. A description of the handling procedures to be used when allocating seats and embarking and disembarking passengers and when loading and unloading the aeroplane. Further procedures, aimed at achieving safety whilst the aeroplane is on the ramp, must also be given. Handling procedures must include:
(a) Sick passengers and Persons with Reduced Mobility;
(b) Transportation of inadmissible passengers, deportees or persons in custody;
(c) Permissible size and weight of hand baggage;
(d) Loading and securing of items in the aeroplane;
(e) Special loads and classification of load compartments;
(f) Positioning of ground equipment;
(g) Operation of aeroplane doors;
(h) Safety on the ramp, including fire prevention, blast and suction areas;
(i) Start-up, ramp departure and arrival procedures;
(j) Servicing of aeroplanes; and
(k) Documents and forms for aeroplane handling;
(l) Multiple occupancy of aeroplane seats.

8.2.3 Procedures for the refusal of embarkation. Procedures to ensure that persons who appear to be intoxicated or who demonstrate by manner or physical indications that they are under the influence of drugs, except medical patients under proper care, are refused embarkation.

8.2.4 De-icing and Anti-icing on the ground. A description of the de-icing and anti-icing policy and procedures for aeroplanes on the ground. These shall include descriptions of the types and effects of icing and other contaminants on aeroplanes whilst stationary, during ground movements and during take-off. In addition, a description of the fluid types used must be given including:
(a) Proprietary or commercial names;
(b) Characteristics;
(c) Effects on aeroplane performance;
(d) Hold-over times; and
(e) Precautions during usage.

8.3 Flight Procedures

8.3.1 VFR/IFR Policy. A description of the policy for allowing flights to be made under VFR, or of requiring flights to be made under IFR, or of changing from one to the other.

8.3.2 Navigation Procedures. A description of all navigation procedures relevant to the type(s) and area(s) of operation. Consideration must be given to:
(a) Standard navigational procedures including policy for carrying out independent cross-checks of keyboard entries where these affect the flight path to be followed by the aeroplane;
(b) MNPS and POLAR navigation and navigation in other designated areas;
(c) RNAV;
(d) In-flight replanning; and

(e) Procedures in the event of system degradation.

8.3.3 Altimeter setting procedures

8.3.4 Altitude alerting system procedures

8.3.5 Ground Proximity Warning System procedures

8.3.6 Policy and procedures for the use of TCAS/ACAS

8.3.7 Policy and procedures for in-flight fuel management

8.3.8 Adverse and potentially hazardous atmospheric conditions. Procedures for operating in, and/or avoiding, potentially hazardous atmospheric conditions including:
(a) Thunderstorms;
(b) Icing conditions;
(c) Turbulence;
(d) Windshear;
(e) Jetstream;
(f) Volcanic ash clouds;
(g) Heavy precipitation;
(h) Sand storms;
(i) Mountain waves; and
(j) Significant Temperature inversions.

8.3.9 Wake Turbulence. Wake turbulence separation criteria, taking into account aeroplane types, wind conditions and runway location.

8.3.10 Crew members at their stations. The requirements for crew members to occupy their assigned stations or seats during the different phases of flight or whenever deemed necessary in the interest of safety.

8.3.11 Use of safety belts for crew and passengers. The requirements for crew members and passengers to use safety belts and/or harnesses during the different phases of flight or whenever deemed necessary in the interest of safety.

8.3.12 Admission to Flight Deck. The conditions for the admission to the flight deck of persons other than the flight crew. The policy regarding the admission of Inspectors from the Authority must also be included.

8.3.13 Use of vacant crew seats. The conditions and procedures for the use of vacant crew seats.

8.3.14 Incapacitation of crew members. Procedures to be followed in the event of incapacitation of crew members in flight. Examples of the types of incapacitation and the means for recognising them must be included.

8.3.15 Cabin Safety Requirements. Procedures covering:
(a) Cabin preparation for flight, in-flight requirements and preparation for landing including procedures for securing cabin and galleys;
(b) Procedures to ensure that passengers are seated where, in the event that an emergency evacuation is required, they may best assist and not hinder evacuation from the aeroplane;
(c) Procedures to be followed during passenger embarkation and disembarkation; and
(d) Procedures in the event of fuelling with passengers on board or embarking and disembarking.
(e) Smoking on board.

8.3.16 Passenger briefing procedures. The contents, means and timing of passenger briefing in accordance with JAR-OPS 1.285.

8.3.17 Procedures for aeroplanes operated whenever required cosmic or solar radiation detection equipment is carried. Procedures for the use of cosmic or solar radiation detection equipment and for recording its readings including actions to be taken in the event that limit values specified in the Operations Manual are exceeded. In addition, the procedures, including ATS procedures, to be followed in the event that a decision to descend or re-route is taken.

8.4 All Weather Operations

8.5 ETOPS

8.6 Use of the Minimum Equipment and Configuration Deviation List(s)

8.7 Non revenue flights. Procedures and limitations for:
(a) Training flights;
(b) Test flights;
(c) Delivery flights;
(d) Ferry flights;
(e) Demonstration flights; and
(f) Positioning flights,
including the kind of persons who may be carried on such flights.

8.8Oxygen Requirements

8.8.1 An explanation of the conditions under which oxygen must be provided and used.

8.8.2 The oxygen requirements specified for:
(a) Flight crew;
(b) Cabin crew; and
(c) Passengers.
9 DANGEROUS GOODS AND WEAPONS
9.1 Information, instructions and general guidance on the transport of dangerous goods including:
(a) Operator's policy on the transport of dangerous goods;
(b) Guidance on the requirements for acceptance, labelling, handling, stowage and segregation of dangerous goods;
(c) Procedures for responding to emergency situations involving dangerous goods;
(d) Duties of all personnel involved as per JAR - OPS 1.1215; and
(e) Instructions on the carriage of the operator's employees.

9.2 The conditions under which weapons, munitions of war and sporting weapons may be carried.

10 SECURITY
10.1 Security instructions and guidance of a non-confidential nature which must include the authority and responsibilities of operations personnel. Policies and procedures for handling and reporting crime on board such as unlawful interference, sabotage, bomb threats, and hijacking must also be included.

10.2 A description of preventative security measures and training.

Note: Parts of the security instructions and guidance may be kept confidential.

11 HANDLING OF ACCIDENTS AND OCCURRENCES
Procedures for the handling, notifying and reporting of accidents and occurrences. This section must include:
(a) Definitions of accidents and occurrences and the relevant responsibilities of all persons involved;
(b) The descriptions of which company departments, Authorities or other institutions have to be notified by which means and in which sequence in case of an accident;

(c) Special notification requirements in the event of an accident or occurrence when dangerous goods are being carried;
(d) A description of the requirements to report specific occurrences and accidents;
(e) The forms used for reporting and the procedure for submitting them to the Authority shall also be included; and
(f) If the operator develops additional safety related reporting procedures for its own internal use, a description of the applicability and related forms to be used.

12 RULES OF THE AIR
Rules of the Air including:
(a) Visual and instrument flight rules;
(b) Territorial application of the Rules of the Air;
(c) Communication procedures including COM-failure procedures;
(d) Information and instructions relating to the interception of civil aeroplanes;
(e) The circumstances in which a radio listening watch is to be maintained;
(f) Signals;
(g) Time system used in operation;
(h) ATC clearances, adherence to flight plan and position reports;
(i) Visual signals used to warn an unauthorised aeroplane flying in or about to enter a restricted, prohibited or danger area;
(j) Procedures for pilots observing an accident or receiving a distress transmission;
(k) The ground/air visual codes for use by survivors, description and use of signal aids; and
(l) Distress and urgency signals.

B AEROPLANE OPERATING MATTERS-TYPE RELATED.
Taking account of the differences between types, and variants of types, under the following headings:

O GENERAL INFORMATION AND UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
0.1 General Information (e.g. aeroplane dimensions), including a description of the units of measurement used for the operation of the aeroplane type concerned and conversion tables.

1 LIMITATIONS
1.1 A description of the certified limitations and the applicable operational limitations including:
(a) Certification status (eg. JAR - 23, JAR - 25, ICAO Annex 16 (JAR - 36 and JAR - 34) etc);
(b) Passenger seating configuration for each aeroplane type including a pictorial presentation;
(c) Types of operation that are approved (eg. IFR/VFR, CAT II/III, flights in known icing conditions etc);
(d) Crew composition;
(e) Mass and centre of gravity;
(f) Speed limitations;
(g) Flight envelope(s);
(h) Wind limits including operations on contaminated runways;
(i) Performance limitations for applicable configurations;
(j) Runway slope;
(k) Limitations on wet or contaminated runways;
(l) Airframe contamination; and
(m) System limitations.

2 NORMAL PROCEDURES.
2.1 The normal procedures and duties assigned to the crew, the appropriate check-lists, the system for use of the check-lists and a statement covering the necessary coordination procedures between flight and cabin crew. The following normal procedures and duties must be included:
(a) Pre-flight;
(b) Pre-departure;
(c) Altimeter setting and checking;
(d) Taxi, Take-Off and Climb;
(e) Noise abatement;
(f) Cruise and descent;
(g) Approach, Landing preparation and briefing;
(h) VFR Approach;
(i) Instrument approach;
(j) Visual Approach and circling;
(k) Missed Approach;
(l) Normal Landing;
(m) Post Landing; and
(n) Operation on wet and contaminated runways.

3 ABNORMAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES.
3.1 The abnormal and emergency procedures and duties assigned to the crew, the appropriate check-lists, the system for use of the check-lists and a statement covering the necessary co-ordination procedures between flight and cabin crew. The following abnormal and emergency procedures and duties must be included:
(a) Crew Incapacitation;
(b) Fire and Smoke Drills;
(c) Unpressurised and partially pressurised flight;
(d) Exceeding structural limits such as overweight landing;
(e) Exceeding cosmic radiation limits;
(f) Lightning Strikes;
(g) Distress Communications and alerting ATC to Emergencies;
(h) Engine failure;
(i) System failures;
(j) Guidance for Diversion in case of Serious Technical Failure;
(k) Ground Proximity Warning;
(l) TCAS Warning;
(m Windshear; and
(n) Emergency Landing/Ditching.

4 PERFORMANCE.
4.0 Performance data must be provided in a form in which it can be used without difficulty.

4.1 Performance data. Performance material which provides the necessary data for compliance with the performance requirements prescribed in JAR-OPS 1 Subparts F, G, H and I must be included to allow the determination of:
(a) Take-off climb limits-Mass, Altitude, Temperature;
(b) Take-off field length (dry, wet, contaminated);
(c) Net flight path data for obstacle clearance calculation or, where applicable, take-off flight path;

(d) The gradient losses for banked climbouts;
(e) En-route climb limits;
(f) Approach climb limits;
(g) Landing climb limits;
(h) Landing field length (dry, wet, contaminated) including the effects of an in-flight failure of a system or device, if it affects the landing distance;
(i) Brake energy limits; and
(j) Speeds applicable for the various flight stages (also considering wet or contaminated runways).

4.1.1. Supplementary data covering flights in icing conditions. Any certificated performance related to an allowable configuration, or configuration deviation, such as anti-skid inoperative, must be included.

4.1.2. If performance Data, as required for the appropriate performance class, is not available in the approved AFM, then other data acceptable to the Authority must be included. Alternatively, the Operations Manual may contain cross-reference to the approved Data contained in the AFM where such Data is not likely to be used often or in an emergency.

4.2. Additional Performance Data. Additional performance data where applicable including:
(a) All engine climb gradients;
(b) Drift-down data;
(c) Effect of de-icing/anti-icing fluids;
(d) Flight with landing gear down;
(e) For aeroplanes with 3 or more engines, one engine inoperative ferry flights; and
(f) Flights conducted under the provisions of the CDL.

5 FLIGHT PLANNING
5.1 Data and instructions necessary for pre-flight and in-flight planning including factors such as speed schedules and power settings. Where applicable, procedures for engine(s)-out operations, ETOPS and flights to isolated aerodromes must be included.

5.2 The method for calculating fuel needed for the various stages of flight, in accordance with JAR-OPS 1.255.

6 MASS AND BALANCE. Instructions and data for the calculation of the mass and balance including:
(a) Calculation system (e.g. Index system);
(b) Information and instructions for completion of mass and balance documentation, including manual and computer generated types;
(c) Limiting masses and centre of gravity of the various versions;
(d) Dry Operating mass and corresponding centre of gravity or index.

7 LOADING. Procedures and provisions for loading and securing the load in the aeroplane.

8 CONFIGURATION DEVIATION LIST. The Configuration Deviation List(s) (CDL), if provided by the manufacturer, taking account of the aeroplane types and variants operated including procedures to be followed when an aeroplane is being despatched under the terms of its CDL.

9 MINIMUM EQUIPMENT LIST. The Minimum Equipment List (MEL) taking account of the aeroplane types and variants operated and the type(s)/area(s) of operation.

10 SURVIVAL AND EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT INCLUDING OXYGEN.
10.1 A list of the survival equipment to be carried for the routes to be flown and the procedures for checking the serviceability of this equipment prior to take-off. Instructions regarding the location, accessibility and use of survival and emergency equipment and its associated check list(s) must also be included.

10.2 The procedure for determining the amount of oxygen required and the quantity that is available. The flight profile, number of occupants and possible cabin decompression must be considered. The information provided must be in a form in which it can be used without difficulty.

11 EMERGENCY EVACUATION PROCEDURES.
11.1 Instructions for preparation for emergency evacuation including crew co-ordination and emergency station assignment.

11.2 Emergency evacuation procedures. A description of the duties of all members of the crew for the rapid evacuation of an aeroplane and the handling of the passengers in the event of a forced landing, ditching or other emergency.

12 AEROPLANE SYSTEMS. A description of the aeroplane systems, related controls and indications and operating instructions. (See IEM to Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1045.)

C ROUTE AND AERODROME INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION
1 Instructions and information relating to communications, navigation and aerodromes including minimum flight levels and altitudes for each route to be flown and operating minima for each aerodrome planned to be used, including:
(a) Minimum flight level/altitude;
(b) Operating minima for departure, destination and alternate aerodromes;
(c) Communication facilities and navigation aids;
(d) Runway data and aerodrome facilities;
(e) Approach, missed approach and departure procedures including noise abatement procedures;
(f) COM-failure procedures;
(g) Search and rescue facilities in the area over which the aeroplane is to be flown;
(h) A description of the aeronautical charts that must be carried on board in relation to the type of flight and the route to be flown, including the method to check their validity;
(i) Availability of aeronautical information and MET services;
(j) En-route COM/NAV procedures, including holding;
(k) Aerodrome categorisation for flight crew competence qualification (see AMC OPS 1.975).

D TRAINING
1 Training syllabi and checking programmes for all operations personnel assigned to operational duties in connection with the preparation and/or conduct of a flight.

2 Training syllabi and checking programmes must include:
2.1 For flight crew. All relevant items prescribed in Subpart N;

2.2 For cabin crew. All relevant items prescribed in Subpart O;

2.3 For operations personnel concerned, including crew members:

(a) All relevant items prescribed in Subpart R (Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air); and
(b) All relevant items prescribed in Subpart S (Security).

2.4 For operations personnel other than crew members (e.g. despatcher, handling personnel etc.). All other relevant items prescribed in JAR-OPS pertaining to their duties.

3 Procedures
3.1 Procedures for training and checking.

3.2 Procedures to be applied in the event that personnel do not achieve or maintain the required standards.

3.3 Procedures to ensure that abnormal or emergency situations requiring the application of part or all of abnormal or emergency procedures and simulation of IMC by artificial means, are not simulated during commercial air transportation flights.

4 Description of documentation to be stored and storage periods. (See Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1065.)

Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1065.
Document storage periods
An operator shall ensure that the following information/documentation is stored in an acceptable form, accessible to the Authority, for the periods shown in the Tables below.
Note: Additional information relating to maintenance records is prescribed in Subpart M.

Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.1065. Document storage periods.
An operator shall ensure that the following information/documentation is stored in an acceptable form, accesible to the Authority, for the periods shown in the Tables below.
Note. Additional information relating to maintenance records is prescribed in Subpart M.

Table 1 - Information used for the preparation and execution of a flight
Information used for the preparation and execution of the flight as described in JAR-OPS 1.135Operational flight plan3 monthsAeroplane Technical log24 months after the date of the last entryRoute specific NOTAM/AIS briefing documentation if edited by the operator3 monthsMass and balance documentation
3 monthsNotification of special loads including dangerous goods3 monthsTable 2 - ReportsReportsJourney log3 monthsFlight report(s) for recording details of any occurrence, as prescribed in JAR-OPS 1.420, or any event which the commander deems necessary to report/record3 monthsReports on exceedances of duty and/or reducing rest periods3 monthsTable 3 - Flight crew recordsFlight Crew RecordsFlight, Duty and Rest time15 monthsLicenceAs long as the flight crew member is exercising the priviledges of the licence for the operatorConversion training and checking3 yearsCommand course (including checking)3 yearsRecurrent training and checking3 yearsTraining and checking to operate in either pilot's seat3 yearsRecent experience (JAR-OPS 1.970 refers)15 monthsRoute and aerodrome competence (JAR-OPS 1.975 refers)3 yearsTraining and qualification for specific operations when required by JAR-OPS (e.g. ETOPS CATII/III operations)3 yearsDangerous Goods training as appropriate
3 yearsTable 4 - Cabin crew recordsCabin Crew RecordsFlight, Duty and Rest time15 monthsInitial training, conversion and differences training (including checking)As long as the cabin crew member is employed by: the operatorRecurrent training and refresher including checkingUntil 12 months after the cabin crew member has left the employ of the operatorDangerous Goods training as appropriate3 yearsTable 5 - Records for other operations personnelRecords for other operations personnel
Training /qualification records of other personnel for whom an approved training programme is required by JAR-OPSLast 2 training recordsTable 6 - Other recordsOther RecordsRecords on cosmic and solar radiation dosageUntil 12 months after the crew member has left the employ of the operatorSubpart Q - Flight Duty Time Limitations and Rest RequirementsReservedSubpart R - Transport of Dangerous Goods by AirJAR-OPS 1.1150. Terminology.(a) Terms used in this Subpart have the following meanings:
(1) Acceptance Check List. A document used to assist in carrying out a check on the external appearance of packages of dangerous goods and their associated documents to determine that all appropriate requirements have been met.
(2) Cargo Aircraft. Any aircraft which is carrying goods or property but not passengers. In this context the following are not considered to be passengers:
(i) A crew member;
(ii) An operator's employee permitted by, and carried in accordance with, the instructions contained in the Operations Manual;
(iii) An authorised representative of an Authority; or
(iv) A person with duties in respect of a particular shipment on board.
(3) Dangerous Goods Accident. An occurrence associated with and related to the transport of dangerous goods which results in fatal or serious injury to a person or major property damage.

(4) Dangerous Goods Incident. An occurrence, other than a dangerous goods accident, associated with and related to the transport of dangerous goods, not necessarily occurring on board an aircraft, which results in injury to a person, property damage, fire, breakage, spillage, leakage of fluid or radiation or other evidence that the integrity of the packaging has not been maintained. Any occurrence relating to the transport of dangerous goods which seriously jeopardises the aircraft or its occupants is also deemed to constitute a dangerous goods incident.

(5) Dangerous Goods Transport Document. A document which is specified by the Technical Instructions. It is completed by the person who offers dangerous goods for air transport and contains information about those dangerous goods. The document bears a signed declaration indicating that the dangerous goods are fully and accurately described by their proper shipping names and UN numbers (if assigned) and that they are correctly classified, packed, marked, labelled and in a proper condition for transport.
(6) Freight Container. A freight container is an article of transport equipment for radioactive materials, designed to facilitate the transport of such materials, either packaged or unpackaged, by one or more modes of transport. (Note: see Unit Load Device where the dangerous goods are not radioactive materials.)
(7) Handling Agent. An agency which performs on behalf of the operator some or all of the latter's functions including receiving, loading, unloading, transferring or other processing of passengers or cargo.
(8) Overpack. An enclosure used by a single shipper to contain one or more packages and to form one handling unit for convenience of handling and stowage. (Note: a unit load device is not included in this definition.)
(9) Package. The complete product of the packing operation consisting of the packaging and its contents prepared for transport.
(10) Packaging. Receptacles and any other components or materials necessary for the receptacle to perform its containment function and to ensure compliance with the packing requirements.
(11) Proper Shipping Name. The name to be used to describe a particular article or substance in all shipping documents and notifications and, where appropriate, on packagings.
(12) Serious Injury. An injury which is sustained by a person in an accident and which:
(i) Requires hospitalisation for more than 48 hours, commencing within seven days from the date the injury was received; or
(ii) Results in a fracture of any bone (except simple fractures of fingers, toes or nose); or
(iii) Involves lacerations which cause severe haemorrhage, nerve, muscle or tendon damage; or
(iv) Involves injury to any internal organ; or
(v) Involves second or third degree burns, or any burns affecting more than 5% of the body surface; or
(vi) Involves verified exposure to infectious substances or injurious radiation.
(13) State of Origin. The Authority in whose territory the dangerous goods were first loaded on an aircraft.
(14) Technical Instructions. The latest effective edition of the Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air (Doc 9284-AN/905), including the Supplement and any Addendum, approved and published by decision of the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization.
(15) UN Number. The four-digit number assigned by the United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods to identify a substance or a particular group of substances.
(16) Unit Load Device. Any type of aircraft container, aircraft pallet with a net, or aircraft pallet with a net over an igloo. (Note: an overpack is not included in this definition; for a container containing radioactive materials see the definition for freight container.)

JAR-OPS 1.1155. Approval to Transport Dangerous Goods. (See IEM OPS 1.1155)
An operator shall not transport dangerous goods unless approved to do so by the Authority.

JAR-OPS 1.1160. Scope.
(a) An operator shall comply with the provisions contained in the Technical Instructions on all occasions when dangerous goods are carried, irrespective of whether the flight is wholly or partly within or wholly outside the territory of a State.

(b) Articles and substances which would otherwise be classed as dangerous goods are excluded from the provisions of this Subpart, to the extent specified in the Technical Instructions, provided:
(1) They are required to be aboard the aeroplane in accordance with the relevant JARs or for operating reasons (see IEM OPS 1.1160(b)(1));
(2) They are carried as catering or cabin service supplies;
(3) They are carried for use in flight as veterinary aid or as a humane killer for an animal;
(4) They are carried for use in flight for medical aid for a patient, provided that (see IEM OPS 1.1160(b)(4)):
(i) Gas cylinders have been manufactured specifically for the purpose of containing and transporting that particular gas;
(ii) Drugs, medicines and other medical matter are under the control of trained personnel during the time when they are in use in the aeroplane;

(iii) Equipment containing wet cell batteries is kept and, when necessary secured, in an upright position to prevent spillage of the electrolyte; and
(iv) Proper provision is made to stow and secure all the equipment during take-off and landing and at all other times when deemed necessary by the commander in the interests of safety; or
(5) They are carried by passengers or crew members. (See IEM OPS 1.1160(b)(5).)

(c) Articles and substances intended as replacements for those in (b)(1) above shall be transported on an aeroplane as specified in the Technical Instructions.

JAR-OPS 1.1165. Limitations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods.
(a) An operator shall take all reasonable measures to ensure that articles and substances that are specifically identified by name or generic description in the Technical Instructions as being forbidden for transport under any circumstances are not carried on any aeroplane.

(b) An operator shall take all reasonable measures to ensure that articles and substances or other goods that are identified in the Technical Instructions as being forbidden for transport in normal circumstances are only transported when:
(1) They are exempted by the States concerned under the provisions of the Technical Instructions (see IEM OPS1.1165(b)(1)); or
(2) The Technical Instructions indicate they may be transported under an approval issued by the State of Origin.

JAR-OPS 1.1170. Classification.
An operator shall take all reasonable measures to ensure that articles and substances are classified as dangerous goods as specified in the Technical Instructions.

JAR-OPS 1.1175. Packing.
An operator shall take all reasonable measures to ensure that dangerous goods are packed as specified in the Technical Instructions.

JAR-OPS 1.1180. Labelling and Marking.
(a) An operator shall take all reasonable measures to ensure that packages, overpacks and freight containers are labelled and marked as specified in the Technical Instructions.

(b) Where dangerous goods are carried on a flight which takes place wholly or partly outside the territory of a State, labelling and marking must be in the English language in addition to any other language requirements.

JAR-OPS 1.1185. Dangerous Goods Transport Document.
(a) An operator shall ensure that, except when otherwise specified in the Technical Instructions, dangerous goods are accompanied by a dangerous goods transport document.

(b) Where dangerous goods are carried on a flight which takes place wholly or partly outside the territory of a State, the English language must be used for the dangerous goods transport document in addition to any other language requirements.

JAR-OPS 1.1190. Intentionally blank.

JAR-OPS 1.1195. Acceptance of Dangerous Goods.
(a) An operator shall not accept dangerous goods for transport until the package, overpack or freight container has been inspected in accordance with the acceptance procedures in the Technical Instructions.

(b) An operator or his handling agent shall use an acceptance check list. The acceptance check list shall allow for all relevant details to be checked and shall be in such form as will allow for the recording of the results of the acceptance check by manual, mechanical or computerised means.

JAR-OPS 1.1200. Inspection for Damage, Leakage or Contamination.
(a) An operator shall ensure that:
(1) Packages, overpacks and freight containers are inspected for evidence of leakage or damage immediately prior to loading on an aeroplane or into a unit load device, as specified in the Technical Instructions;
(2) A unit load device is not loaded on an aeroplane unless it has been inspected as required by the Technical Instructions and found free from any evidence of leakage from, or damage to, the dangerous goods contained therein;
(3) Leaking or damaged packages, overpacks or freight containers are not loaded on an aeroplane;
(4) Any package of dangerous goods found on an aeroplane and which appears to be damaged or leaking is removed or arrangements made for its removal by an appropriate authority or organisation. In this case the remainder of the consignment shall be inspected to ensure it is in a proper condition for transport and that no damage or contamination has occurred to the aeroplane or its load; and
(5) Packages, overpacks and freight containers are inspected for signs of damage or leakage upon unloading from an aeroplane or from a unit load device and, if there is evidence of damage or leakage, the area where the dangerous goods were stowed is inspected for damage or contamination.

JAR-OPS 1.1205. Removal of Contamination.
(a) An operator shall ensure that:
(1) Any contamination found as a result of the leakage or damage of dangerous goods is removed without delay; and
(2) An aeroplane which has been contaminated by radioactive materials is immediately taken out of service and not returned until the radiation level at any accessible surface and the non-fixed contamination are not more than the values specified in the Technical Instructions.

JAR-OPS 1.1210. Loading Restrictions.
(a) Passenger Cabin and Flight Deck. An operator shall ensure that dangerous goods are not carried in an aeroplane cabin occupied by passengers or on the flight deck, unless otherwise specified in the Technical Instructions.

(b) Cargo Compartments. An operator shall ensure that dangerous goods are loaded, segregated, stowed and secured on an aeroplane as specified in the Technical Instructions.

(c) Dangerous Goods Designated for Carriage Only on Cargo Aircraft. An operator shall ensure that packages of dangerous goods bearing the 'Cargo Aircraft Only' label are carried on a cargo aircraft and loaded as specified in the Technical Instructions.

JAR-OPS 1.1215. Provision of Information.
(a) Information to Ground Staff. An operator shall ensure that:
(1) Information is provided to enable ground staff to carry out their duties with regard to the transport of dangerous goods, including the actions to be taken in the event of incidents and accidents involving dangerous goods; and
(2) Where applicable, the information referred to in sub-paragraph (a)(1) above is also provided to his handling agent.

(b) Information to Passengers and Other Persons (See AMC OPS 1.1215(b).)
(1) An operator shall ensure that information is promulgated as required by the Technical Instructions so that passengers are warned as to the types of goods which they are forbidden from transporting aboard an aeroplane; and
(2) An operator and, where applicable, his handling agent shall ensure that notices are provided at acceptance points for cargo giving information about the transport of dangerous goods.

(c) Information to Crew Members. An operator shall ensure that information is provided in the Operations Manual to enable crew members to carry out their responsibilities in regard to the transport of dangerous goods, including the actions to be taken in the event of emergencies arising involving dangerous goods.

(d) Information to the Commander. An operator shall ensure that the commander is provided with written information, as specified in the Technical Instructions.

(e) Information in the Event of an Aeroplane Incident or Accident (See AMC OPS 1.1215(e).)
(1) The operator of an aeroplane which is involved in an aeroplane incident shall, on request, provide any information required to minimise the hazards created by any dangerous goods carried.
(2) The operator of an aeroplane which is involved in an aeroplane accident shall, as soon as possible, inform the appropriate authority of the State in which the aeroplane accident occurred of any dangerous goods carried.

JAR-OPS 1.1220. Training programmes. (See AMC OPS 1.1220) (See IEM OPS 1.1220)
(a) An operator shall establish and maintain staff training programmes, as required by the Technical Instructions, which must be approved by the Authority.

(b) Operators not holding a permanent approval to carry dangerous goods. An operator shall ensure that:
(1) Staff who are engaged in general cargo handling have received training to carry out their duties in respect of dangerous goods. As a minimum this training must cover the areas identified in Column 1 of Table 1 and be to a depth sufficient to ensure that an awareness is gained of the hazards associated with dangerous goods and how to identify such goods; and
(2) The following personnel:
(i) Crew members;
(ii) Passenger handling staff; and
(iii) Security staff employed by the operator who deal with the screening of passengers and their baggage,
have received training which, as a minimum, must cover the areas identified in Column 2 of Table 1 and be to a depth sufficient to ensure that an awareness is gained of the hazards associated with dangerous goods, how to identify them and what requirements apply to the carriage of such goods by passengers.

Table 1
AREAS OF TRAINING12General philosophyXXLimitations on Dangerous Goods in air transportXXPackage marking and labellingXXDangerous Goods in passengers baggageXEmergency proceduresXNote: 'X' indicates an area to be covered. (c) Operators holding a permanent approval to carry dangerous goods. An operator shall ensure that:(1) Staff who are engaged in the acceptance of dangerous goods have received training and are qualified to carry out their duties. As a minimum this training must cover the areas identified in Column 1 of Table 2 and be to a depth sufficient to ensure the staff can take decisions on the acceptance or refusal of dangerous goods offered for carriage by air;
(2) Staff who are engaged in ground handling, storage and loading of dangerous goods have received training to enable them to carry out their duties in respect of dangerous goods. As a minimum this training must cover the areas identified in Column 2 of Table 2 and be to a depth sufficient to ensure that an awareness is gained of the hazards associated with dangerous goods, how to identify such goods and how to handle and load them;
(3) Staff who are engaged in general cargo handling have received training to enable them to carry out their duties in respect of dangerous goods. As a minimum this training must cover the areas identified in Column 3 of Table 2 and be to a depth sufficient to ensure that an awareness is gained of the hazards associated with dangerous goods, how to identify such goods and how to handle and load them;

(4) Flight crew members have received training which, as a minimum, must cover the areas identified in Column 4 of Table 2. Training must be to a depth sufficient to ensure that an awareness is gained of the hazards associated with dangerous goods and how they should be carried on an aeroplane; and
(5) The following personnel:

(i) Passenger handling staff;
(ii) Security staff employed by the operator who deal with the screening of passengers and their baggage; and
(iii) Crew members other than flight crew members,
have received training which, as a minimum, must cover the areas identified in Column 5 of Table 2. Training must be to a depth sufficient to ensure that an awareness is gained of the hazards associated with dangerous goods and what requirements apply to the carriage of such goods by passengers or, more generally, their carriage on an aeroplane.

(d) An operator shall ensure that all staff who require dangerous goods training receive recurrent training at intervals of not longer than 2 years.

(e) An operator shall ensure that records of dangerous goods training are maintained for all staff trained in accordance with sub-paragraph (d) above.

(f) An operator shall ensure that his handling agent's staff are trained in accordance with the applicable column of Table 1 or Table 2.

Table 2
AREAS OF TRAINING12345
General philosophyXXXXXLimitations on Dangerous Goods in the air transportXXXXXClassification and list of Dangerous GoodsXXXGeneral packing requirements and Packing Instructions :XPackaging specifications markingsXPackage marking and labellingXXXXXDocumentation from the shipperXAcceptance of Dangerous Goods, including the use of a checklistXLoading, restrictions on loading and segregationXXXX
Inspections for damage or leakage and decontamination proceduresXXProvision of information to commanderXXXDangerous Goods in passengers' baggageXXXEmergency proceduresXXXXNote:'x' indicates an area to be covered.JAR-OPS 1.1225. Dangerous Goods Incident and Accident Reports. (See AMC OPS 1.1225)An operator shall report dangerous goods incidents and accidents to the Authority. An initial report shall be despatched within 72 hours of the event unless exceptional circumstances prevent this.

JAR-OPS 1.1230. Intentionally blank

Subpart S - Security
JAR-OPS 1.1235. Security requirements.
An operator shall ensure that all appropriate personnel are familiar, and comply, with the relevant requirements of the national security programmes of the State of the operator.

JAR-OPS 1.1240. Training programmes.
An operator shall establish, maintain and conduct approved training programmes which enable the operator' s personnel to take appropriate action to prevent acts of unlawful interference such as sabotage or unlawful seizure of aeroplanes and to minimise the consequences of such events should they occur.

JAR-OPS 1.1245. Reporting acts of unlawful interference.
Following an act of unlawful interference on board an aeroplane the commander or, in his absence the operator, shall submit, without delay, a report of such an act to the designated local authority and the Authority in the State of the operator.

JAR-OPS 1.1250. Aeroplane search procedure checklist.
An operator shall ensure that all aeroplanes carry a checklist of the procedures to be followed for that type in searching for concealed weapons, explosives, or other dangerous devices.

JAR-OPS 1.1255. Flight crew compartment security.
If installed, the flight crew compartment door on all aeroplanes operated for the purpose of carrying passengers shall be capable of being locked from within the compartment in order to prevent unauthorised access.

Section 2 - Acceptable Means of Compliance and Interpretative/Explanatory Material (AMC & IEM)

1 GENERAL
1.1 This Section contains Acceptable Means of Compliance and Interpretative/Explanatory Material that has been agreed for inclusion in JAR - OPS 1.

1.2 Where a particular JAR paragraph does not have an Acceptable Means of Compliance or any Interpretative/Explanatory Material, it is considered that no supplementary material is required.

2 PRESENTATION
2.1 The Acceptable Means of Compliance and Interpretative/Explanatory Material are presented in full page width on loose pages, each page being identified by the date of issue or the Change number under which it is amended or reissued.

2.2 A numbering system has been used in which the Acceptable Means of Compliance or Interpretative/Explanatory Material uses the same number as the JAR paragraph to which it refers. The number is introduced by the letters AMC or IEM to distinguish the material from the JAR itself.

2.3 The acronyms AMC and IEM also indicate the nature of the material and for this purpose the two types of material are defined as follows:

Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC) illustrate a means, or several alternative means, but not necessarily the only possible means by which a requirement can be met. It should however be noted that where a new AMC is developed, any such AMC (which may be additional to an existing AMC) will be amended into the document following consultation under the NPA procedure.

Interpretative/Explanatory Material (IEM) helps to illustrate the meaning of a requirement.

2.4 New AMC or IEM material may, in the first place, be made available rapidly by being published as a Temporary Guidance Leaflet (TGL). Operations TGLs can be found in the Joint Aviation Authorities Administrative & Guidance Material, Section 4-Operations, Part Three: Temporary Guidance. The procedures associated with Temporary Guidance Leaflets are included in the Operations Joint Implementation Procedures, Section 4-Operations, Part 2 Chapter 10.

Note: Any person who considers that there may be alternative AMCs or IEMs to those published should submit details to the Operations Director, with a copy to the Regulation Director, for alternatives to be properly considered by the JAA. Possible alternative AMCs or IEMs may not be used until published by the JAA as AMCs, IEMs or TGLs.

2.5 Explanatory Notes not forming part of the AMC or IEM text appear in a smaller typeface.

2.6 New, amended or corrected text is enclosed within heavy brackets.

AMC/IEM B - General

AMC OPS 1.035(a) and (c) Quality System See JAR - OPS 1.035(a) and (c)
1 Terminology

1.1 The terms used in the context of the requirement for an operator's Quality System have the following meanings:
a. Accountable Manager. The person acceptable to the Authority who has corporate authority for ensuring that all operations and maintenance activities can be financed and carried out to the standard required by the Authority and any additional requirements defined by the operator.
b. Quality. The totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs.
c. Quality Assurance. All those planned and systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a product or service will satisfy given requirements for quality.
d. Quality Audit. A systematic and independent examination to determine whether quality activities and related results comply with planned arrangements and whether these arrangements are implemented effectively and are suitable to achieve objectives.
e. Quality Control. The operational techniques and activities that are used to fulfil requirements for quality.
f. Quality Inspection. An inspection is the act of observing a particular event or action to ensure that correct procedures and requirements are followed during the accomplishment of that event.
g. Quality Management. The management responsible for the overall function and for implementing quality policy.
h. Quality Manager. The manager responsible for the monitoring function and for requesting remedial actions.
i. Quality Manual. The document containing the relevant information pertaining to the operator's quality system and quality assurance programme.
j. Quality Plan. A document setting out the specific practices, resources and sequence of activities relevant to a particular product, service, contract or project.
k. Quality Policy. The overall quality intentions and direction of a company as regards quality, as formally expressed by the accountable manager.
l. Quality System. The organisational structure, responsibilities, procedures and resources for implementing quality management.

2 The operator's quality system should provide a means of ensuring that operational and maintenance activities conform to standards specified by the operator. When establishing a quality system, consideration should be given to, at least, the following:
a. The establishment of Quality Policy;
b. The establishment of Quality Plans and a Quality Manual;
c. The identification and establishment of; standards, procedures, responsibilities, processes, resources, skills and inspection methods and a Quality Assurance Programme;
d. The verification of the continuing acceptability of set standards;
e. The compliance of operational and maintenance activities and procedures with the applicable documentation;
f. Procedures for handling non-conformity;
g. The updating of procedures, quality control, quality inspection and testing methods; and
h. The identification and preparation of quality records.

3 The quality system should be structured and adapted to the type of operation.

4 The quality manager should have direct access to the accountable manager.

5 The quality system should be an integral part of operational and maintenance organisation. In order to ensure objective monitoring, the quality manager and the auditing functions should be independent of the operations and maintenance structure. This independence relates to:
a. Direct-line reporting;
b. The authority given to the auditor; and
c. Access to all parts of the operator's organisation.

6 The quality system should monitor the procedures specified in the Operations Manual and the Operator's Maintenance Management Exposition to ensure compliance with JAR - OPS 1 and the operator's additional standards.

7. An operator should establish a plan acceptable to the Authority which shows how and when the activities required by JAR - OPS 1 will be monitored. In addition, reports should be produced at the completion of each quality audit and should include details of non-compliance with requirements, standards and procedures.

8. The quality system should include a feedback system to the accountable manager to ensure that corrective actions are both identified and promptly addressed. The feedback system should also specify who is required to rectify discrepancies and non compliance in each particular case, and the procedure to be followed if remedial action is not completed within an appropriate timescale.

AMC OPS 1.035(b) Quality System-Quality Assurance Programme. See JAR - OPS 1.035(b)
1. The Quality Assurance Programme should include all planned and systematic actions necessary to provide confidence that all operations and maintenance are conducted in accordance with all applicable requirements, standards and procedures.

2. When establishing a Quality Assurance Programme, consideration should be given to, at least, the following:
a. The determination of policy and standards to enhance flight safety;
b. Determination and establishment of responsibility, resources, organisation and operational procedures which will enable the attainment of the set policy and operational standards;
c. Independent monitoring activities to ensure that both policy and operational standards are continuously complied with;
d. Recording of deviations from policy and operational standards with the necessary analyses and corrective action plans; and
e. Evaluation of recorded data and trends concerning policy and flight safety standards.

AMC OPS 1.035(d). Quality system-Relevant Documentation. See JAR - OPS 1.035(d).
1. The relevant documentation comprises the operator's Quality Manual which may be separated from, but remains part of, the Operations Manual and the Operator's Maintenance Management Exposition.

2. The Quality Manual should include, at least, descriptions of the following:
a. Quality Policy;
b. Procedures to ensure regulatory compliance;
c. Terminology;
d. A description of the organisation;
e. Specified operational standards;
f. The allocation of duties and responsibilities;
g. A schedule of the monitoring process;
h. The audit procedures;
i. The reporting procedures;
j. The follow-up and remedial action procedures;
k. The recording system;
l. The training syllabus; and
m. Document control.

IEM OPS 1.035-1. Quality System. See JAR - OPS 1.035
1. Introduction
1.1. The Rule and the related AMCs state the requirements and the acceptable means of compliance concerning the establishment of a Quality System, Quality Assurance Programme, the relevant documentation, including the Quality Manual and the position of the Quality Manager. JAR-OPS 1.035, the related AMCs and this IEM are based on the principles for Quality Systems laid down in the International Standards Organisation (ISO) 9000 series and other internationally approved standards or recommendations, i.e. FAA Advisory Circular AC 120-59, Air Carrier Internal Evaluation Programme.

1.2. The purpose of this IEM is to provide further guidance to Air Operator Certificate (AOC) holders on the proposed internal quality assurance procedures.

2. Background
2.1. The aviation industry has changed very substantially since the early sixties. The increasing complexity of both aircraft and the companies engaged in aviation, has been accompanied by corresponding changes in the number of the requirements and the demands put upon the regulators. The result is that the Authorities can no longer obtain an adequate picture of a whole operation without considerable, and progressive, enlargement of their resources. The scale of the increases which would be required are not affordable by the industry as a whole, nor would such an increase be the best response to the problem.

2.2. An alternative is to formalise the complementary nature of the duties of the Authority on the one hand, and the operator on the other. The Authority continues to be responsible for drawing up the regulations which form the base on which a safe operation is built, and also for overall surveillance. The operator remains responsible for the safety of the operation and for compliance with the requirements. The concept of Quality Assurance is not new to the aviation industry. The change, introduced by JAR-OPS, is that the operator is called upon to set in place structured internal quality assurance procedures acceptable to the Authority. It is the `assurance' of regulatory compliance which is the primary goal of the quality programme and a primary function of the operator's quality system.

2.3. The emphasis in regulation is therefore likely to change from regular inspections by the regulatory Authority to a system whereby operators self-audit their own operation against a clearly defined Quality System. The Authority's role will, with time, shift to the verification of operators' compliance with their Quality System and with the requirements. The development of internal audit and evaluation programmes relies heavily upon AOC holders to continuously monitor and audit their operations to ensure that they are safe and conform to the requirements and the operator's standards.

3. Quality System Concept
3.1 It should always be borne in mind that the concept of a quality system in any organisation embraces all aspects of that organisation to which the quality system applies. As defined in AMC OPS 1.035(a) and (c), this includes the organisational structure, responsibilities, procedures and resources for implementing quality management. The essential elements of a quality system are covered below.

3.2. Quality Assurance Programmes
3.2.1. Quality Assurance includes all those systematic measures needed to ensure that a company is well planned, organised, operated, maintained, developed and supported in accordance with Authority regulations and the operator's own additional standards.

3.2.2. It is fundamental to flight safety, and a primary concern of the Quality Assurance Programme, that each company employee is motivated to do his work in a professional manner and in accordance with the standards which have been set.

3.3. Independent monitoring.
3.3.1. To be effective in providing management with confidence in the reliability of an operation, the monitoring organisation should be free to act independently of routine management. The essential aspects of this independence are:
a. Direct line reporting. The freedom of direct access and direct reporting to the accountable manager;
b. Independent authority. The freedom of inspectors or auditors to choose their own areas and lines of enquiry; and
c. Independent access. The freedom of inspectors or auditors to visit or enquire into any part of the organisation.

3.4. Quality Inspection.
NOTE: The term 'inspection' as used in this IEM is restricted to inspections made by the operator and does not apply to any inspections made by the Authority.

3.4.1. The primary purpose of an inspection is to verify that established procedures are followed during an observed event and that the required standard is achieved.

3.4.2. Typical subject areas for quality inspections are:
a. The actual flight operation;
b. Flight Support Services;
c. Load Control;
d. Maintenance;
e. Technical Standards; and
f. Training Standards.

3.5. Quality Audit.
3.5.1. When circumstances change, company employees cannot be expected to comply with, or respect, arrangements which have become outdated. New aeroplanes, for example, or new routes may be introduced or the company may grow. If standards are to be maintained, it is necessary to include Quality Audit as an accepted part of the functioning and the organisation of all departments. A Quality Audit is used to confirm that policies, structures, facilities, resources and procedures remain relevant to the company's operation and effective in maintaining standards. The primary purpose of a Quality Audit is to identify, in an objective fashion, potentially unsatisfactory practices or procedures before they cause an accident or an incident.

3.5.2. An audit is a comparison of the way in which an operation is being conducted against the way in which the published procedures say it should have been conducted. The various techniques that make up an effective audit are:
a. Interviews or discussions with personnel;
b. A review of published documents;
c. The examination of an adequate sample of records;
d. The witnessing of the activities which make up the operation; and
e. The preservation of documents and the recording of observations.

3.5.3. An audit can be seen, therefore, as building on the inspection process. Auditors, who have relevant operational and/or maintenance qualifications, should use the records of inspections to guide them towards problem areas or to problems which are caused by a weakness in the system itself. An audit can vary greatly in scope and the range of its enquiry, but these things should be defined so that the composition of the team and the time needed for the audit are appropriately set.

3.5.4 An audit should be planned with care and methodically carried out. The procedures and processes employed during an audit are well documented in the literature but, in essence, they should include:
a. A definition of the scope of the audit;
b. Planning and preparation;
c. Gathering and recording evidence; and
d. Analysis of the evidence.

3.5.5. The aspects of the operation, which are to be subject to routine audit, should be defined in the Quality Manual, and the Quality Plan should show the frequency with which audits are to be conducted. Operators should oversee all technical and safety-related functions of the operation and they will be expected to audit all aspects of their operation, maintenance and training. Significant changes to the management, the organisation or the policy, practices, procedures and technologies of the company should also lead, in due course, to an audit of the new arrangements.

3.6. Quality Audit Reporting.
3.6.1. The audit process is followed by the production of an audit report. The report should develop, with supporting evidence, the observations made and it should list its findings. Recommendations for remedial action, or further audits into specific topics, should conclude the report. The report should then be presented to the relevant managers.

3.6.2. It is for the company's managers to take action on the findings of the audit report. It is essential that precise follow-up procedures (including the accurate tracking of 'open' issues) are specified.The period during which corrective action has to be taken should be defined and strictly implemented by management.

3.7. Quality Auditors.
3.7.1. Operators should decide, depending on the complexity of the operation, whether to make use of a dedicated audit team or a single auditor. In any event, all auditors should have relevant operational and/or maintenance experience. Auditors should not have any day-to-day involvement in the area of the operation and/or maintenance activity which is to be audited. In some circumstances, and especially within small organisations, it may be necessary for an operator to make use of external specialists for a particular audit. In such circumstances, it is essential that any external specialist is familiar with the type of operation and/or maintenance conducted by that particular operator.

3.7.2. The responsibilities of the auditors should be clearly defined in the Quality Manual.

3.8. Consistency.
3.8.1. It is essential that audits are consistent and, to that end, management should ensure that procedures are in force which will review audits to ensure consistency of approach and content by the audit team or the single auditor. They may wish to address this area by establishing standardisation workshops, or other suitable procedures, designed to ensure an acceptable degree of consistency.

3.9. Quality Evaluation and Evaluation Programmes.
3.9.1. An evaluation is an independent review of company policies, procedures and systems. The evaluation process builds on the concepts of audit and inspection.

3.9.2. Some operators may wish to go beyond audit programmes that address specific functional areas and may wish to develop their audit plans into periodic Internal Evaluations which are designed to evaluate an organisation as a whole.

3.9.3. Specific audits can monitor the quality of selected areas within an operation at a particular time. The Evaluation process of rolling audits can, however, review the quality of the operation over time and can be used to determine whether systems are evolving with growth, and whether or not they are likely to satisfy future strategies.

3.10. Quality Training.
3.10.1. It is important that staff involved in the audit process receive adequate and appropriate training. A 'recognised' and comprehensive training course should be provided for auditors. Auditors should, in any case, attend an in-house training programme prior to undertaking audit tasks unsupervised.

3.10.2. All training should be matched to the company's requirements, but should include an initial introduction to Quality Audit Systems and be followed by more detailed courses on quality audit techniques for auditors. Commercial courses can be supplemented by home-study, in-house training and Industry seminars and workshops. Standardisation and refresher training should be given at specified intervals.

IEM OPS 1.035-2. Quality System-Organisation examples. See JAR-OPS 1.035.
Typical examples of Quality organisations are given below:
I. Quality System within the AOC holder's organisation when the JAR - 145 approved organisation is an integrated part.

See JAR-OPS Manual for Organisation.

II. Quality Systems within the AOC holder's organisation and the JAA - 145 approved organisation when they are not integrated.

See JAR-OPS Manual for Organisation.

NOTE: The Quality System and Quality Audit Programme of the AOC holder should assure that the maintenance carried out by the JAR-145 approved organisation is in accordance with requirements specified by the AOC holder.

AMC/IEM C - Operator Certification & Supervision

IEM OPS 1.175. The management organisation of an AOC holder. See JAR-OPS 1.175(g)-(o)
1. Function and Purpose.
1.1. The safe conduct of air operations is achieved by an operator and an Authority working in harmony towards a common aim. The functions of the two bodies are different, well defined, but complementary. In essence, the operator complies with the standards set through putting in place a sound and competent management structure. The Authority working within a framework of law (statutes), sets and monitors the standards expected from operators.

2. Responsibilities of Management.
2.1. The responsibilities of management related to JAR - OPS Part 1 should include at least the following five main functions:
a. Determination of the operator's flight safety policy;
b. Allocation of responsibilities and duties and issuing instructions to individuals, sufficient for implementation of company policy and the maintenance of safety standards;
c. Monitoring of flight safety standards;
d. Recording and analysis of any deviations from company standards and ensuring corrective action;
e. Evaluating the safety record of the company in order to avoid the development of undesirable trends.

IEM OPS 1.185(b). Maintenance management exposition details. See JAR-OPS 1.185(b)
1. The JAR-45 organisation's maintenance management exposition should reflect the details of any sub-contract(s).

2. A change of aeroplane type or of the JAR-145 approved maintenance organisation may require the submission of an acceptable amendment to the JAR-145 maintenance management exposition.

AMC/IEM D-Operational Procedures.

AMC OPS 1.210(a). Establishment of procedures. See JAR-OPS 1.210(a)
1. An operator should specify the contents of safety briefings for all cabin crew members prior to the commencement of a flight or series of flights.

2. An operator should specify procedures to be followed by cabin crew with respect to:
a. Arming and disarming of slides;
b. The operation of cabin lights, including emergency lighting;
c. The prevention and detection of cabin, oven and toilet fires;
d. Action to be taken when turbulence is encountered; and
e. Actions to be taken in the event of an emergency and/or an evacuation.